異目魚屬Ipnops屬于異目魚科Ipnopidae,共3種。模式種為Ipnops murrayiGünther, 1878。該屬幼體于海水表層浮游生活,亞成體即沉入深海,成體分布于水深1392~4970米。
Ipnops murrayi/ NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research, Gulf of Mexico 2018, Public domain
Ipnops murrayi/ NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research, Exploring Deep-Sea Habitats off Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands, 2018, Public domain
異目魚最顯著的特征即為其頭頂?shù)脑谟补囚~中形狀獨一無二的器官。該器官曾被認(rèn)為是發(fā)光器或同時具有眼和發(fā)光功能,后經(jīng)解剖確認(rèn)為高度特化的眼。成年異目魚的眼位于頭頂,表面覆蓋一層薄的透明膜,該膜由左右額骨(frontal bone)和頂骨(parietal bone)融合而成。眼無晶狀體,虹膜退化,視網(wǎng)膜極扁平。眼本身固定,因此眼肌高度退化。這些特征意味著異目魚的眼睛為探測極微量光線而犧牲了所有成像裝置。
異目魚幼體在海水表層浮游生活,此時其眼睛較為正常,位于頭部兩側(cè)。在成長過程中,異目魚棲息地逐漸變深,雙眼90°轉(zhuǎn)向并移至頭頂,額骨和頂骨逐漸融合,最終形成成年異目魚結(jié)構(gòu)極為特殊的眼。
Ipnops meadi/ Astrid Leitner, NOAA Office of Exploration, Public domain
異目魚骨骼鈣化程度較低,嗅覺器官嚴(yán)重退化,但側(cè)線系統(tǒng)特別是頭部的感覺器官發(fā)達。鰓蓋膜和鰓蓋結(jié)構(gòu)使得從鰓腔排出的水必須通過鰓蓋角斜向上涌出,這樣可避免身體側(cè)線受到不必要的刺激,也不會過度攪動沉積物。異目魚主要棲息于深淵底部,通過頭頂?shù)母泄馄饔^測多毛類或小型甲殼類活動時產(chǎn)生的微弱光芒——這些生物可能自身不發(fā)光,但其活動時會驚擾附近的發(fā)光微生物導(dǎo)致發(fā)光。
Ipnops meadi/ Thiel et al, 2022
異目魚雌雄同體,通常集群出現(xiàn)。其眼部對光線的獨特反射使其在深海觀測中極為顯眼,因此成為克拉里昂-克利帕頓斷裂帶(Clarion-Clipperton Zone,CCZ)最常見的一屬魚類。
參考文獻及部分圖片來源:
Anderson W W, Berry F H, B?hlke J E, et al, 1966. Fishes of the Western North Atlantic: Orders Iniomi and Lyomeri: Part 5[M]. New Haven:Yale University Press: 147.
Marshall N B, Staiger J C, 1975. Biological results of the University of Miami deep-sea expeditions. 110: Aspects of the structure, relationships, and biology of the deep-sea fishIpnops murrayi(Family Bathypteroidae)[J]. Bulletin of Marine Science, 25(1): 101-111.
Munk O, 1959. The eyes ofIpnops murrayiGunther, 1887[J]. Galathea, 3: 79-87.
Okiyama M, 1981. A larval Ipnops and its possible metamorphosing process[J]. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology, 28(3): 247-253.
Okiyama M, 1986. Bathypelagic capture of a metamorphosing juvenile ofIpnops agassizi(Ipnopidae, Myctophiformes)[J]. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology, 32(4): 443-446.
Okiyama M, Ida H, 2010. Record ofIpnopssp. (Ipnopidae: Aulopiformes) from northern Japan[J]. Ichthyological Research, 57(4): 422-423.
Prirodina V P, Neyelov A V, 2020. The osteological features ofIpnops agassiziiGarman, 1899 (Aulopiformes: Ipnopidae) from Bathyal and Ultra-Abyssal Depths of the Australia–New Zealand Region, with remarks on the biogeographical significance of these findings[J]. Russian Journal of Marine Biology, 46(1): 22-28.
Theisen B, 1966. On the cranial morphology ofIpnops murrayiGunther, 1878: With special reference to the relations between the eyes and the skull[J]. Galathea, 28: 7-18.
Thiel R, Christodoulou M, Pogonoski J J, et al, 2022. An application of morphological analysis and DNA barcoding to identifyIpnopsfrom the Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ) as I. meadi Nielsen, 1966 with notes on other species of the genus (Aulopiformes: Ipnopidae)[J]. Marine Biodiversity, 52(6): 68.
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